Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Look again at the end of the Crucible Essay
He tells the others who are to hang to show no fear. â€Å"Proctor: Give them no tears! Tears pleasure them! Show a stony heart and sink them with it! The audience are aware that Abigail and proctor had an affair but when John tells Abigail that he does not wish to see her again she tries to get her own back by accusing Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft. She does this also to try and get proctor on his own so then they will dance on Elizabeth’s grave. Her plans back fires when John admits to the court that they had an affair. â€Å"Proctor: Mark her! Now she’ll suck a scream to stab me with, but- Danforth: You will prove this! This will not pass! Proctor: I have known her. †â€Å"Proctor: She thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave! †Through this part in the court Abigail shows that she has authority in the town by shouting at the head of the court to try and change his mind, he replies by saying that he trust her over proctor. â€Å"Abigail: I have been hurt, Mr Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin’ out! I have been near to murdered every day because I’ve done my duty pointing out the devils people and this is my reward! To be mistrusted, Denied, Questioned like a- Danforth: Child I do not mistrust you-. †This causes tension, as you do not know what will happen to either Proctor or Abigail when the truth is found out. There is a conflict, which gets stronger as you go through the book. This conflict is between Hale and the court. When the court is made hale is for it and recons it is a good idea. The conflict starts when he is at the Proctors house and he hears of Rebecca Nurse’s arrest. â€Å"Hale: Believe me Mr Nurse if Rebecca be tainted, then nothings left to stop the whole green world from burning. †He then questions what the court is doing by searching for a poppet in the Proctors house. He then sides with Proctor again as he asks Parris if â€Å"every Defence is an attack upon the court? †In the very end his completely against the court and is trying to save Proctors life. â€Å"Hale: I have gone this three month like our lord into the wilderness. I have sought a Christian way, for damnation’s doubled on a minister who counsels men to lie. Hathorne: It is no lie, you cannot speak of lies. Hale: It is a lie! They are innocent! †This causes tension as Hale is a trusted figure and you don’t know if he is for or against something and if he will be able to change proctors mind on confessing. Hale tries to prevent the hangings by telling the court what the town is like when so many have died. â€Å"Hale: Excellency, there are orphans wandering from house to house; abandoned cattle bellow on the highroads the stink of rotten crops hangs everywhere, and no man knows when the harlots cry will end his life- and you wonder yet if rebellion’s spoke? Better you should marvel how they do not burn your province! There also many tense parts that are not in the conflicts, such as the part when Abigail is with the other girls in the bedroom and threatens them that if they talk then they will die. â€Å"Abigail: Mark this if either of you breath a word, or edge of a word, about the other things, and I’ll come to you in the in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. †This is tense because you realise that she has the power to kill anyone including her own friends. Also when Hale is questioning Tituba you don’t know how much she is going to say about what happened in the wood. â€Å"Hale: who came to you with the devil? Two? Three? Four? How many? Tituba: There was four. There was four. †This causes tension because it is fast paced which adds a bit of excitement as well. Arthur miller uses the conflicts between different characters or a group of characters to cause dramatic tension extremely well, as he gives whole scenes to get to know the characters and then brings them together in the last scene. The reason why this helps cause dramatic tension is because as we know the characters, we expect them to do something but they end up going against it, like in the court when we expect Elizabeth to tell the truth, she tells a lie to save her husband, but ends up getting him killed. I think that this also helps to make the ending a lot more satisfactory, by ending many lives of characters we know and have heard express there feelings. He also resolves the main conflict between Elizabeth and Johns marriage, which was dramatised in act two, so every thing turned out well, and if John had stayed alive many more people would have probably died as a result of revenge, anger, the want of power and jealousy. It was good to be told what happened after the book ended because I was wondering what had happened to Abigail and if Elizabeth was hung after the baby had been born, which had kept her from being hung for a year, was born. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Northwest Airlines Confronts Change
Deregulation of the airline industry in 1978 Increased competition, new travelers' needs, problems, strikes, concern about the safety of aircraft, oil crisis problem †¦ Northwest has a reputation for being very conservative financial control and relationship rules work very hard. Despite the six years since the start of deregulation, Northwest does not yet have the technological capabilities (electronic reservation systems †¦ ) or human skills that are more customer-oriented and service.Steve Rothmeier took over the management and committed to his side a psychological Ken Myers to help change the organization (potentially hostile environment) in depth   : Have more balance between mgmt and workers operate more service-oriented†¦ Rothmeier's Story   : Part 1 The strong point of the company is the trust and employee pride The main weakness is unionism (95%). Dr. Ken's job is to prepare supervisors and managers to adopt a more participatory role.Ken styl e (†   bearded academic   â€Å") Is quite different from mgmt in place (†   weird   â€Å") He did not rank high not to be perceived as a member of mgmt but is a general help to communicate, understand the problems of organization and motivation, to pass messages. Northwest is now in a strong position on the domestic market with a strong presence   : The most difficult thing is to maintain this leading position and that change can help. A peculiarity of such a large aviation company is that people are still running and it is therefore difficult to convey factual messages. Rumors faster than new.Drivers etc are dif ficult to gather together (via cassettes solution does not really work either for channeling rumors). The efforts of Dr. Ken led the company to become 4th in customer service. To deal with all major operators in 1986 announced Rothmeier acquiring Republic Airlines (Minneapolis, stpaul). Ken's Story   : Part 1 Arrived in 1985 in an organization where there is no   : No marketing (and sellers), no HR (relations punitive, negative), no operations (old infrastructure). For him this represents a great challenge  †   I was coming out there to do my magic   . We do not give unfortunately not re s sources or status he asks. He gives the first 6 months to build a network of relationships (as a politician) and to gather information on the organization. †   to build myself into the system, and to build some k nowledge and credibitiliy. â€Å"In me me time, travel and visit for a maximum gain confidence and Co-operation of employees, he immersed himself as much as possible to understand the pr e occupations workers (hostility, emotions, frustrations, difficulties). Finally, it refers to Rothmeier regularly its experience, and interpretation of events it becomes necessary.They establish a personal relationship. Mission Dr Ken   †   analyze the culture and lead to a culture more oriented to meet customer and people oriented. Build a new spirit, professionalism, pride in the company. Develop and conduct the training that will support these goals, and destroy processes that go against the expected change   ‘ Rothmeier someone has the image †   Who Does not care about people   â€Å". Ken launches campaign with logo pin and People – Pride – Performance with party and announced in the newsletter.It is also launching a 3-day program for supervisors on communication and behavioral techniques. Managers were able to meet and talk. It also reviews with a mixed group of employees in the form of performance that everyone hates. Despite these small successes, Dr. Ken is frustrated because Steve does not follow at financial support (buying a projector †¦ ) and Ken pushed farther and faster than it wants to move. Regarding the merger, Dr. Ken bel ieves that the two companies have not prepared enough fusion of cultures (service-oriented old militaristic structure) with team building and planning.The merger took place in October 1986, and 33 500 employees and the company is now the 5th largest box sector. Rothmeier's Story   : Part 2 He wants to merge all departments and systems at once. Disaster very fast   : Flight delays, double-booking of passengers, baggage lost, numerous logistical problems, etc †¦ Not to mention the war between the two worlds unionists from each company. Wage inequality, cuts in wages etc.. Unions of Corporate Republic †   Planned program has HAD to try and destroy the service levels of the airline company and bring the knees to icts   â€Å".They destroy the image of Rothmeier in the press, pretending to be a boss who does not communicate. Thinks Steve at it again, it would impose more control over the merger (procedures, discipline, structure). He received death threats and tone hardens with unions in daily confrontations. A plane crashes in Detroit   : 156 dead. Ken's Story   : Part 2 We could have avoided many of the problems by better planning   : Prepare employees how their jobs and responsibilities would change. As he predicted everything that is finally produced, seen as a prophet and called for advice.He then feels really good. But the company continues to suffer, the operations do not work. He launched the Crew Chief and Supervisor Academies for one week seminar for leaders   : Very positive effect on the leaders, but hardening of Trade Unions (vandalism   ! ). Rothmeier's Story   : Part 3 Meeting all employees involved in the incident and sharing his experiences with them and listen. The public's reaction is amazing   : Complaints about incidents that never occurred on flights that do not exist. But catharsis effect for employees who understand that chang e is necessary.Ken then starts to dialogue programs to deal with problems without the intervention of management etc.. Great success. Ken enthusiastic people. The barrier decreases with the unions but Ken gets the status of Staff Vice President which provides a barrier with Steve. It loses its power to influence employees, it exceeds the limits of its competence and loses †   general aid   â€Å". 1988 is the year of profits, union agreements and reduced passenger complaints. But hostile takeover of Marvin Davis †¦ we regret the time wasted in wars union †¦ Ken's Story   : Part 3For him, the company has managed the post-crash exemplary manner. This unit employees and accelerated integration. Ken launches †   On-the-line   â€Å"For managers. The program †   Operation Breakthrough   â€Å"Is his greatest achievement over 9 months. Another merger announced in 1989 and Steve is more occupied w ith that. This undermines the relationship with Ken and Ken frustrating. Budget Ken is also reduced. With the sale of the company, Ken feels that collaboration ends. According to him, Northwest has never been sufficient resources to carry out the change. Report Ken   :To achieve integration it takes 3 things   : Indoctrination   : Reduce the anxiety of change, take care of personal and professional needs, identify themselves with the company and get to carry out his work. Should be informed about the position, benefits, privileges, new rules of society etc.. Socialization   : Symbols info continuously playing field, trainings, team building, to strengthen the organization, and not to leave the hands of the unions. Organization   : Clarifying roles, reduce potential conflicts, improve communication, solved problems together and ion accelerating natural processes.
Monday, July 29, 2019
Adam And Eve The Duality Of Humanity Religion Essay
Adam And Eve The Duality Of Humanity Religion Essay Paradise Lost’s Adam is a rational, clever and trustworthy character who has an amazing rapport with the highest power, God. It can even be argued that before he fell, his was the epitome of humanity, as perfect a human as ever existed. He shares this trait with Eve who is the most perfect and complete woman. This view has been reciprocated by many religious denominations but each has interpreted it in their own unique ways; from Calvinists to puritans to Milton each has interpreted the story of Genesis in their own unique way. Like Adam who was perfect, to the belief that eve was flawed, each has built their own mythos around the story of the genesis of mankind. The Adam represented in Milton’s Paradise Lost is an exceedingly rational being, and can understand greatly sophisticated and complex ideas nearly instantaneously. However this perfection hides several deep and critical flaws present within his character. His character and insight is demonstrated when after ob serving Raphael’s descent into Eden, Adam orders eve to, â€Å"go with speed, / And what thy stores contain, bring forth and pour / Abundance, fit to honor and receive / Our Heav’nly stranger†(V, 313-316). To which Eve answers, â€Å"Adam, earth’s hallowed mould, / Of God inspir’d, small store will serve, where store, / All seasons, ripe for use hangs on the stalk†(V, 321-323). These word which at first seem stiff and of an overly formal method, nonetheless helps reveal the relationship of Adam and Eve. Adam is in charge, but his request for Eve to prepare a meal is not in any way dismissive. She understands that and her response, is in accord with that message. This transitory conversation is not that of a master and servant but of two people who hold themselves in equal regard. His relationship with Eve is not the only conversation between equals, as he also talks with Raphael as an equal. He converses with the archangel Raphael as an eq ual both, socially in his standing, and intellectually in his ability to clearly understand the meanings behind the Raphael’s words. However this ends after Adam’s fall from the grace of god. After his fall Adam loses his pure intellect and his rationality leading him to brash and increasingly non-rational actions, stripping him of his ability to converse with the angels as an equal. Adam’s greatest flaw is his unequivocal love for his wife Eve. He falls I love merely upon seeing her for the first, and even confesses to the archangel Raphael that his attraction is nigh overwhelming. Though warned by Raphael to keep his dangerous emotions in check he completely disregards Raphael’s earnest urgings. After Eve eats from the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil, quickly devours a fruit from the same tree in order to prevent him from being separated from her even momentarily. Eve has become an indispensable companion in his life and he will do anything in order to prevent himself from being separated from his only love. His other major weakness is his insatiable curiosity. He manipulates the angel Raphael to extract more information from him,
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Family Health History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Family Health History - Research Paper Example Cigarettes are often used to cover up uncomfortable feelings like anger and nervousness. Nicotine is known to be poisonous, and it could result in a fatality when taken in large amounts. Secondly, Nicotine produces pleasurable feelings even when taken in small amounts this makes the smoker crave for more. Thirdly, smokers usually suffer both psychological and physical withdrawal symptoms whenever they stop smoking; this is due to the usual dependency on nicotine. Some of the withdrawal results include irritability, nervousness, and headache. Smoking harms nearly every organ resulting in many diseases and reducing health in general. Smoking damages the entire cardiovascular system, and it boosts the blood sugar when nicotine hits your body; it also causes blood vessels to tighten thus restricting blood flow (Sturm 21). Smoking leads to the blood pressure and lowers good cholesterol level this can result in stretching of arteries and buildup of bad cholesterol it also raises the risk of blood clots forming. Weakened blood vessels and blood clots in the smoker’s brain increases the risk of stroke. There is an increased risk of recurrent coronary heart diseases for smokers who have heart bypass surgery and in long-term smokers are at a greater risk of blood cancer. Nevertheless, smoking has a risk to non-smokers too; breathing secondhand smoke has an immediate effect on the cardiovascular system this leads to heart attack and coronary diseases. To tackle this problem, I will encourage the smoker to seek medical consultation. One of the medical solutions is nicotine replacement therapy.Â
Co-education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Co-education - Essay Example There are several arguments in favour of co-education. It is believed that studying in a co-educational set up holds value in allowing students to interact with the opposite sex from an early age, so that when they enter university life, and subsequently, their workplaces, they do not feel out of their comfort zones when asked to work alongside the opposite sex. In this way, sharing classes and studying with the opposite sex from an earlier age or stage in their education could prepare them in their dealings with everyone in their professional future. This is done by breaking down communication barriers, enhancing the way male and female pupils can speak to each other and discuss issues as equals, and all in all, this allows the elimination of the thought that the inherent differences between the two sexes should, for whatever reason, deter their working alongside each other. Therefore, in coeducational schools, when groups have to be formed and projects and presentations are done, a mixed group allows students to learn from and understand the opposite sex, all the while getting work done in a productive manner and breaking down the fence of shyness and building confidence. Another value that co-education has is the mutual benefit that boys and girls can derive from each other. Science has shown that boys and girls have different skills and aptitude, and putting them up for display in the same platform, or in this case, classroom will allow them to learn from each other and hone the skills that, perhaps, do not come naturally to them. It is known, for example, that male students have a better aptitude for sports, or mathematics and physics, whereas female students perform better in art, biology, and languages. Recognizing these differences in strengths and talents, one can safely say that there is ample opportunity for a
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Persuasive synthesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1
Persuasive synthesis - Research Paper Example However, it is possible to treat and cure cancer when discovered during its early stages through chemotherapy. This scientific process uses radioactive rays to kill the cancerous tumors that form part of the cancer. There are several types of cancer; these include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and vaginal cancer. Nowadays cancer has become the most deadly disease in the world, attributed to causing deaths of several notable figures in the world, e.g. Steve Jobs, founder and CEO of Apple Company. The relatives of these people suffer from various challenges. This is because the thought of their suffering relative really paints a negative impact in their physical, emotional, and mental status, thereby causing them a lot of pain (Ronda, Talley, McCorkle and Baile). The patient requires total attention from their relatives. This is because the cancerous cells usually eat up his body and mind leaving him weak both physically and psychologically. Therefore, the relatives have to come around to fill this void by being there for their sick relative. They have to spend a lot of time attending to them. This means they must shelve all their other engagements in order to be with the patient at the hour of need. This is in itself suffering because it denies them an opportunity to pursue other matters. In addition to being there for the patients, the relatives may sometimes lack sleep because they have to stay awake to keep the Patient Company especially if they have no sleep due to extreme pain or extreme depression. (Ronda, Talley, McCorkle and Baile). Furthermore, since they cannot nurse their patient away from home, they have to complete all scheduled work outside their homes. This is to allow them ample time to attend to the patient when they get back home. The emotional pain they encounter comes from their desire to satisfy the patient, who in most cases has lost all the hope in life. They have to make him feel important and loved so that they can give
Friday, July 26, 2019
Financial crisis impacts on progress of employees Essay - 2
Financial crisis impacts on progress of employees - Essay Example Several financial crisis will be delineated while considering factors that lead to the crisis and show the possible impacts on employee. In this case, the research problem will be outlined as follows; in the recent past, there has been heated debate on the effects of financial crisis on the progress of employees, with some scholars arguing that the progress of employees is not affected by the financial crisis while others argues that the financial crisis has a negative impact on the progress. Therefore, there is a need for research to be conducted so as to establish the impacts of progress of employees. In this section, the need for the study will be justified as follows; many financial crisis has occurred having the same impacts on the progress of employees. Therefore, this study will be significant to the policy makers in designing ways to mitigate the impacts also outline areas of further research. In this section, both theoretical literature and empirical literature will be reviewed. Theoretical literature will consider theories of crises like the Marx’s crisis theory, Minky’s theory and other theories. In the empirical literature, we will discuss the various researches done by various scholars. In addition, we will give an overview of the literature showing the gap between the existing literatures. In the study, the null hypothesis will be that financial crisis has an impact on the progress of employees. While the alternative hypothesis; financial impact does not have any impact on the progress of employees. In order to evaluate the progress of employee’s, surveys on both managers and employees will be conducted so as to get information on the impact of financial crisis on employees. In addition, extensive study will be conducted in order to unearth the possible reasons for the impacts. Under this section, the results collected will be analyzed and the
Thursday, July 25, 2019
The view that powerful elites generate fear does not adequately Essay
The view that powerful elites generate fear does not adequately explain the complexities within the news reporting of AIDS in Britain. Discuss - Essay Example African countries are affected by real epidemic, and the epicenter of the world most dangerous disease is located in Sahara Desert region where a half of population of the world is living at the moment. This information does not seem shocking for anyone in the world anymore because AIDS was covered in media substantially and effectively since the time of its discovery. It is well-known that a frightening and repulsive image of AIDS was created with the help of accurate metaphors and definitions (Cullen, 2003). Nevertheless, the question if the image of AIDS was constructed adequately to the severity of the epidemic or media has spread certain panic among readers remains actual and urgent, and Britain represents a particular interest for this study because real epidemic has never reached the island. The UK as well as many other countries of the world faces the complexities within the news reporting of AIDS, and the fact that powerful elites generate fear does not adequately explain th em. In order to examine this question newsroom practices in Britain on reporting were studies closely. First of all it is necessary to outline the history of the disease, its symptoms and consequences to understand how media should cover AIDS/HIV to create normal feedback from its auditory. UNESCO states that media as well as medical institutions and common people have to aim to reduce the quantity of people contracting HIV and relieve moral and physical pressure of those who are fighting with the disease. This is an established ethical principle when dealing with HIV and AIDS (Foreman, 2003). The first reporting of AIDS by media goes back to 1982 when several alarming articles were published in different American medical journals telling about this unknown mysterious disease. Much concern was expressed about it already due to high mortality of young healthy individuals and it was defined as threating and dangerous for public. But nobody could even imagine the degree of panic the
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 27
Economics - Essay Example This is a clear indicator that people are more concerned about health than money. The discovery by economists that money can’t buy happiness is a justification for high taxes and more government spending. According to Lee .D.R (2005), pursuit of money is addictive and reduces the time available for friends, family and other activities that result in genuine happiness. In conclusion, we can not just totally dispute the fact that money does not bring happiness. Money does bring happiness especially with an increase in the level of income (which is a sign of achievement) although the happiness brought by money is temporary. It is very important for people to look for money because it increases their purchasing power .Money also enables one to be able to do what he so wishes, for instance, investment. Money can be obtained by earning as an income, borrowing and from savings. All these three methods of acquiring money have an opportunity cost (defined as the value of foregone opportunity).For instance the opportunity cost of earning income is loss of time for other activities like recreation. Money held as savings has the foregone opportunity of loss of profit for income generating activities in which the money could have been invested. Finally, the foregone opportunity of borrowing is the high interest rates although such borrowed money can be invested in more income generating activities in future. Therefore everyone strives to get money by whatever means considering the opportunity cost. The means of acquiring money whose opportunity cost is low is the best method chosen. Marginal utility of money is the extra satisfaction derived from an extra unit of money spent. Marginal utility of money is never constant because an extra unit of money given to a poor person will add much to his satisfaction than if the same coin was given to a rich person. This means that poorer people
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Chapter Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Chapter Problems - Assignment Example The fourth Amendment to the U.S.A, states that human rights should not be violated from acts pertaining to unreasonable search and seizures (Scheb, 2011). The supreme court of the United States describes the security personnel as uniformed and armed private actors. In addition, if the security personnel are to be included in the Fourth Amendment protection, then they should be ready to serve the citizens just like the normal government officials (Cunningham & Taylor, 1984). This will ensure that crime and violence is curbed in all the states that have been experiencing increased crime rates. 6. What is the rationale for excluding from trial evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment? Is this a compelling justification for the exclusion of criminal evidence from the trial of a defendant accused of a serious felony such as aggravated battery? The main reason that is behind the exclusion from trial evidence obtained in the fourth Amendment may be due to the security officers (Hougan, 1978). It has been noted that the security officers are under estimated in their services. This is due to the fact that they are excluded from the Fourth Amendment protection. ... Since most of these guards are employed by the city government then they are required by the court to comply with the constitutional requirements. The court also proposes that instead of the private police arresting people for crimes committed, they should equip them with the Miranda laws (Cunningham & Taylor, 1984). 8. The Supreme Court has created a â€Å"good-faith†exception to the exclusionary rule where police rely on a search warrant that is later held to be invalid because the magistrate erred in finding probable cause for a search. Should the good-faith exception be extended to cases where police acting in good faith conduct warrantless searches that are later held to be unlawful? In the Fourth Amendment law, the term â€Å"good faith†is used to refer to the reasonableness state of a police officer in the belief of the existence of a warrant that is in fact invalid (Hougan, 1978). In a criminal prosecution, there is no exception to the Fourth Amendment require ment that all seizures and searches are reasonable in line with the good faith exception. Moreover, when the police violate this Amendment, the evidence is inadmissible to the victim of the search or seizure. Therefore, the only instance where a good faith is necessary is when police rely on a warrant in case of a search or a seizure (Feinman, 2010). When an officer performs a search based on his/ her own facts, and not one the basis of a warrant, then it is hard to claim that the police officer committed an unreasonable mistake. However, if a warrant or any other official authorization of search is required, then the police officer can be reported to have violated an individual’s Fourth Amendment
Maternal Behaviors and Their Effect on the Unborn Child Essay Example for Free
Maternal Behaviors and Their Effect on the Unborn Child Essay Pregnancy can be one of the most magical times in a woman’s life. There is nothing quite like taking care of the little person that is growing in the womb, and knowing that everything you do is going to have some kind of effect on that little person. For a vast majority of women, pregnancy is a magical time, one filled with awe and wonder. Pregnant women tend to take better care of themselves, making sure that they are providing the best environment for their growing child. Some women, however, do just the opposite and do not take care of themselves and thus harm the unborn child in their womb. There are several things that can have an adverse effect on the growing child. One of them is the mother’s nutrition. This is an easily adjustable factor, but one that some women don’t actually think about. When a woman becomes pregnant, according to www.americanpregnancy.org, she needs to consume roughly 300 more calories than normal in order to have a healthy pregnancy (http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/pregnancynutrition.html). This will provide the extra nutrition that the fetus needs. If a mother does not consume enough calories, she is putting her child at risk of being malnourished. A poorly nourished infant is more likely to get sick, as they do not have the ability to fight off illness as well as a properly nourished child. There is also a possibility that undernourishment can have an impact on the mental development of a child (Feldman, 329). Proper nourishment is vital to proper development both in the womb and once the child is born. Another behavior that can have an adverse effect on the growing child is alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Alcohol is a teratogen, which is known to be harmful to human development (http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/alcohol.html). Consuming alcohol during pregnancy can cause the unborn child to have fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS. This condition causes the child to be of below-average intelligence, have facial deformities, and growth delays (Feldman, 309). According to www.marchofdimes.com, alcohol can also cause the baby to have sucking and sleeping problems, behavior problems, and speech and language delays (http://www.marchofdimes.com/pregnancy/alcohol_indepth.html). Even if a mother doesn’t drink every day, even a small amount of alcohol can have adverse effects. Fetal alcohol effects is another condition that a child can develop. With FAE, the child may have some, but not all the symptoms of FAS (Feldman, 329). When my husband and I were foster parents, it was suspected that our foster son had FAE. He did not have growth delays, necessarily, as he was the average size of a child his age, but he did have some intellectual delays, speech problems, and some behavioral issues. Over all, he was a wonderful child, he just needed some extra care and attention in certain areas to compensate for the places he lacked. Drug use is also a behavior that can cause adverse effects on an unborn child. According to www.marchofdimes.com, about 4% of women use illegal drugs during their pregnancy. These include marijuana, ecstasy, heroin, and other amphetamines. To me, that is a staggering number of women. There are many problems that a child faces if the mother used drugs during pregnancy. Premature birth and withdrawal seem to be the most common. There is also the possibility of birth defects, such as heart defects and cleft palates. The symptoms and long term effects of drug use vary depending on the type of drug that the mother used. Some drugs are by far worse than others, but all of them carry a risk. All of the drugs tend to carry a risk of learning disabilities, behavioral issues, and attention problems. There are even some legal drugs, things that you can buy over the counter that can have an adverse effect on an unborn child (Feldman, 329). Aspirin is one such drug. Using aspirin, because of its blood thinning properties, can harm the child and cause excessive bleeding during childbirth (http://drugs.about.com/lw/Health-Medicine/Womens-Health/Medications-to-Avoid-During-Pregnancy.htm). It would be advisable to consult with your doctor before taking any kind of medication while pregnant because any of them can have an adverse effect on the baby during different stages of pregnancy. I know for me personally, I don’t like taking anything other than my prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, because I’m fearful of what effect it could have on my child. When I was pregnant with my daughter, I almost refused to take Tylenol when I had a headache, because I was afraid it would do some harm. I’ve not been quite that way with my son, but I still avoid most medicines because I don’t want to risk doing any harm. Pregnancy is nothing short of a miracle, and should be treated as such. Providing a healthy environment for the baby to grow is of utmost importance, especially for the well-being of that child. Anything and everything that a mother does during her pregnancy has an effect on her unborn child. Getting proper nutrition and not using or abusing drugs or alcohol will help the mother have a healthy pregnancy and thus a healthy child. References: Feldman, Robert S. (2011) Essentials of Understanding Psychology, 9th Edition http://drugs.about.com/lw/Health-Medicine/Womens-Health/Medications-to-Avoid-During-Pregnancy.htm http://www.marchofdimes.com/pregnancy/alcohol_illicitdrug.html http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/pregnancynutrition.html
Monday, July 22, 2019
Importance of libraries Essay Example for Free
Importance of libraries Essay The definition of a â€Å"good time†is different for everyone, but for me its reading a good book, fiction, non-fiction, biographies, history, religious books, comics anything . When I came to America in July 2013, I was fascinated to see a lot of different things and one of them were libraries, since I have a passion for reading books, I try to read one whenever I have free time, there were a lot of books ranging from the ones for small kids to those for adults. Sometimes I thought about becoming an author and sometimes a librarian. That’s why for my Senior Project, I will be exploring my passion of reading and libraries by showing the importance of libraries. I did not have any knowledge about the libraries in the US and I was very interested in doing it, I did research, surveys and volunteer work. My first objective was to learn the system of the library. In the 18th century, when the people first realized that there should be a way where people can gain knowledge, acquire information about anything they are interested or simply read because they like it that’s when the first library started operating in America. However, at that time many people donated a lot of money so that the libraries will be build and many donated all of their books so that other people will be able to gain knowledge from them. There was no need for a system back then as there was not much variety of books, but as time passed there were more and more discoveries, inventions and a lot of other knowledge which came, books increased and as the advancement went on and on, people realized there should be books for different age levels and that in order for the library to keep running without any sort of problems like stealing of books, proper organization of books and the supply of books. The need to check and arrange the large varieties of books was fulfilled by a librarian. There are many different systems of classification of books in a library which vary from library to library. Classification serves two main purposes in the library, to arrange books in a logical manner on the library shelves and to group like subjects together, They are classified either by numbering or on the basis of the author’s name alphabetically. The Dewey Decimal Classification System is the most widely used method for classifying books in the library. This system is a general knowledge organization tool that is continuously revised to keep pace with knowledge. It is named after Melvil Dewey, an American Librarian who developed it in 1876. This system is a numerical scheme for the arrangement of subjects of nonfiction books, and it classifies books by dividing them into 10 main subject groups that are called categories. Each category is represented by figures beginning with 000 and going on to 999. In other words, it is a system of numbers used to mark and arrange mostly non-fiction books. As I started volunteering in Columbia Pike Library, there were different sections for children, teens and adults. Since I mostly work in the children’s section, this is the type of classification I learned about in children’s section. Since children are the ones who are in the process of learning how to read, their books are classified on a deeper level than that of teens and adults. They are classified on the basis of their leve l of reading like J, JE, JP, the â€Å"J†stands for juvenile which are mostly board books. The next are the â€Å"JP†(juvenile picture books) these books which are generally shelved on the basis of the author’s last name then â€Å"JE†(juvenile easy readers) these are for beginning readers, JP (juvenile fiction) these books harry potter, the non-fiction books are the juvenile non-fiction and juvenile biographies. The same goes for CDs and DVDs for children as well, they are also arranged as J/CD/DVD. The adult and teens section is comparatively less categorized and simply classified into fiction and non-fiction. The technological and management skills required for running a library are getting higher that’s why it has become necessary to acquire a master’s degree in Library science. From Ferguson’s careers in focus:- â€Å"Most acquisition librarian positions require a master’s degree in library science (M.L.S) a master’s degree in information service or a master’s degree in science of information.†Ac quisition librarians are responsible for building and maintaining a library’s collection of books and periodicals (e-publications) so they need a master’s degree in science information . I did a survey on the type of books preferred by teens the most, the options were fiction, nonfiction, history and biography. There were 0% votes for both history and biography non fiction had 33.33% vote and fictional books had 66.67% vote. Fiction got the majority votes. My second objective was to research about developing recommendation of books based on different age groups, The reason I did this objective was to develop a sense of recommendation or to be able to give an opinion to people about any kind of book. My consultant asked me to make lists of books by searching for them in amazon because they have the latest books and they also have a better search engine then the library’s catalog. By doing this objective I learned how to research about books in order to suggest them to someone or to update the library. My consultant asked me to make lists of books for aged 2-3 or any other group by searching from the catalog or sometimes making a list of books for children th at were published after 2009 from amazon, and then give it to her so that it can be used to update the library. The best website to find the ideal book for any age group is amazon, this I learned from experience, after searching the books for hours and not being able to find the desired ones, the easiest method is to use the â€Å"advanced search†by putting in the desired requirements, I was able to easily find the books and then searched for them in the library’s catalog to check whether they were there or not. My consultant gave me several projects about making bookmark bibliographies one of them was about creating bookmark bibliographies for kids and teens about other countries and religions since books give children an idea about the other parts of the world, these books were mostly about their culture, food, religion and daily activities. â€Å"If we wish to create a lasting peace we must begin with the children.†-Mohandas Gandhi I personally liked this project a lot, because kids and teens should explore other parts and regions of the world by reading books like pic ture books, religion, food and culture, because I feel that the media and the internet seem to create a very negative influence on people all around the world, about their neighbouring countries and about all the other countries around the world, children should read and know about other cultures of the world so that their would be more peace in the future. It is better to have an idea about something before believing anything about it which the TV shows. My third objective was reviewing practicality of normal libraries and virtual libraries. Virtual libraries or digital libraries are a great source of information and learning, while many predicted that as digital libraries will begin, that will be the end of the normal libraries and that all the shelves of the public libraries will be sweaped clean, but it did not. While many people who want to save their time and effort prefer digital libraries, there are many people including myself who prefer reading the old fashioned way. In my survey of virtual libraries vs. normal libraries, 13 people responded to the survey, out of which 8 prefered virtual libraries and 5 preferred normal libraries, there was a 38.46% vote for normal libraries and 61.54% vote for virtual libraries. The results surprised me because I thought people will choose normal libraries, because even though a virtual library sounds good, it is difficult to access virtual library and some require membership too. I researched about the advantages and disadvantages of normal and virtual libraries. My second survey was to find out the biggest advantage and disadvantage of virtual libraries. The advantages included Immediate access to resources, Information updated immediately, No physical boundaries, Support different learning styles, Accessible for the disabled.Information retrieval,Teaching tool for information literacy, Storage of information, Networking capabilities (provides links to other virtual libraries) and Directs students to relevant resources. Out of 12 people, 7 chose Immediate access to information making it 58.33%, 3 people chose information updated immediately which made it 25%, one person chose support different learning styles and one person chose directs students to releva nt sources making each of them 8%. These results were very predictable because no doubt the biggest advantage is immediate access to information. The disadvantages included Restricted by copyright law, the requirement for internet access and that skilled professionals are required to organize,maintain and help students. Out of 12 people 5 chose requires internet access, 4 chose that skilled professionals are required for help and 3 chose restricted by copyright. So in the disadvantages the need for internet access seemed to cause the most problems. So my overall conclusion from my surveys is that even though normal libraries will not end, there are many who prefer digital libraries over normal ones, the biggest advantage is the immediate access to resources as there is no need to go to the library and if it is checked out, there is no need to wait for it the because the virtual libraries gets rid of that long process and the biggest disadvantage is the requirement for internet access, it is no doubt that internet has made the life of people unimaginably easy but not everyone can afford this luxury. My fourth objective was to research about the history of the libraries in the US. It is due to the founding fathers of America like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson that the system of library began the US. The first public library came in the 18th century after some time, lots of people contributed millions of dollars so that education could be given to all for free. In 1731, Benjamin Franklin and his friends operated library company of Philidelphia. Andrew Carnegie gave millions to bring books and information to the people. From Gail Sakura’s Library of Congress â€Å"Thomas Jefferson had retired from the presidency and was living at Monticello, his home in Virginia. He offered to sell his personal book collection to the library of congress as a quick way to quickly replace the library’s losses.†The library of congress was set on fire on August 24, 1814. Some assume that the British had done it. Due to the efforts of our leaders, today the library of congress is the world largest library. It contains 100 million items, including 29 million books and pamplets, 53 million manuscripts and 4 million maps and atlases which are shelved in three buildings in Washington DC. My fifth objective was to volunteer at Columbia Pike Library. I started doing it in October and I will continue to do it after Senior Project .I worked in the children’s section where putting books back on the shelves, finding books for them and displaying them is the most important thing to do I also painted the walls of the library once and I decorated it by paper cutouts of different animals for the children. Sometimes on the weekends there is a story time in which teachers and students or parents and children come to the library, at that event I come earlier then usual and along with the other voluntee rs arrange the cookies and tables for the children and after they are done with it. I help to clean up the mess. My biggest obstacle was finding a job or volunteer work at a library, because since I just came in july and had never done volunteer work before, I was nervous and furustrated. I struggled hard to find a job, sometimes by searching on google and sometimes by going there like I went to Aurora Hills Library since it was close to my house but there was no volunteer work being offered at that time. I was not able to work at the school library, because they had another girl working there whose senior project was also on libraries. I thought about changing my Senior project but finally in October with the help of a friend of mine I was able to contact Barabara Dean the incharge of the Arlington Public Libraries and she asked me to contact Ms.Desiree Fairooz who was the incharge of Columbia Pike Library, she even gave me her e-mail address, and through that I was able to finally start volunteering. My new skills are that I learned about the history of Library system in the US, I got to k now about virtual libraries and the qualifications required to become a librarian. I learned to make bookmark bibliographies and I learned how to do surveys, which I am sure I will need to do later in college and then in my career. I was thinking about printing out copies and then giving them to people but then my teacher told me about an online survey that was very useful, I just sent the link to my friends and I was able to get the results I needed, I am currently working on learning to make pamplets for the library. This project will help me by giving me volunteer hours which will help me get accepted in my desired college, because they require volunteer hours, The new skills I learned like making surveys, pamphlets and bookmark bibliographies will help me in college and later on in my life too, also the way the project is organized in a step wise manner with its deadlines, has shown me that putting everything till the last minute is not the solution, we should make achieve our targets by setting up a timetable and follow it. Works Cited Library and Information Science, Second Edition (Fergusons Careers in Focus) Ferguson. 2nd ed. N.p.: n.p., May 1,2011.. Sakurai, Gail. The Library of Congress. New York: Childrens, 1998. Print. Null, Kathleen Christopher., and Barb Lorseyedi. How to Write a Research Report. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials, 1998. Print. [emailprotected] E-mail. Www.yahoo.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. . http://akaleidoscopicworld.blogspot.com/2008/03/advantages-disadvantages-of-virtual.html http://www.collegeonline.org/library/adult-continued-education/librarians-needed.html http://mypages.iit.edu/~smart/halsey/lesson1.htm
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay
Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay A Robot is man-made mechanical device that can move itself, whose motion must be modeled, planned, sensed, actuated and controlled, and whose motion behaviour can be influenced by programming. Robots are called intelligent if they succeed in moving in safe interaction with an unstructured environment, while autonomously achieving their specified tasks. This definition implies that a device can only be called a robot if it contains a movable mechanism, influenced by sensing, planning, actuation, and control components. It does not imply that a minimum number of these components must be implemented in software, or be changeable by the consumer who uses the device; for example, the motion behaviour can have been hard-wired into the device by the manufacturer. 12.2 Three Laws of Robotics Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. He suggested three principles to guide the behavior of robots and smart machines.- A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. 12.3 Components of robotic systems This figure depicts the components that are part of all robotic systems. The real robot is some mechanical device (mechanism) that moves around in the environment, and, in doing so, physically interacts with this environment. This interaction involves the exchange of physical energy, in some form or another. Robotics as an integrated system of control interacting with the Figure : components of robotic system Both the robot mechanism and the environment can be the cause of the physical interaction through Actuation, or experience the effect of the interaction, which can be measured through Sensing. Sensing and actuation are the physical ports through which the Controller of the robot determines the interaction of its mechanical body with the physical world. As mentioned already before, the controller can, in one extreme, consist of software only, but in the other extreme everything can also be implemented in hardware. Within the Controller component, several sub-activities are often identified: Modelling- The input-output relationships of all control components can (but need not) be derived from information that is stored in a model. This model can have many forms: analytical formulas, empirical look-up tables, fuzzy rules, neural networks, etc. The other components discussed below can all have models inside. A System model can be used to tie multiple components together, but it is clear that not all robots use a System model. The Sensing model and Actuation model contain the information with which to transform raw physical data into task-dependent information for the controller, and vice versa. Planning- This is the activity that predicts the outcome of potential actions, and selects the best one. Almost by definition, planning can only be done on the basis of some sort of model. Regulation- This component processes the outputs of the sensing and planning components, to generate an actuation setpoint. Again, this regulation activity could or could not rely on some sort of (system) model. The term control is often used instead of regulation, but it is impossible to clearly identify the domains that use one term or the other. 12.4 Parts Concept required for Robot Generally robots have at least the below mentioned parts and concepts: Sensors Most robots of today are nearly deaf and blind. Sensors can provide some limited feedback to the robot so it can do its job. Compared to the senses and abilities of even the simplest living things, robots have a very long way to go. The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller. A sensor also gives the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it. Sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell are the kinds of information we get from our world. Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For instance, a robot sensor might see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see Switch Sensors Light Sensors Polarized light Resistive Position Sensors Effectors An effector is any device that affects the environment. Robots control their effectors, which are also known as end effectors. Effectors include legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings and fins. Controllers cause the effectors to produce desired effects on the environment. Two basic ways of using effectors: to move the robot around =>locomotion to move other object around =>manipulation Actuators Actuators, also known as drives, are mechanisms for getting robots to move. Most actuators are powered by pneumatics (air pressure), hydraulics (fluid pressure), or motors (electric current). Most actuation uses electromagnetic motors and gears but there have been frequent uses of other forms of actuation including muscle-wires and inexpensive Radio Control servos. To get a motor under computer control, different motor types and actuator types are used. Some of the motor types are Synchronous, Stepper, AC servo, Brushless DC servo, and Brushed DC servo. Radio Control servos for model airplanes, cars and other vehicles are light, rugged, cheap and fairly easy to interface. Some of the units can provide very high torque speed. A Radio Control servo can be controlled from a parallel port. Controllers The robot connects to a computer, which keeps the pieces of the arm working together. This computer is the controller. The controller functions as the brain of the robot. The controller can also network to other systems, so that the robot may work together with other machines, processes, or robots Arms common effectors known as Arms. The robot arm comes in all shapes and sizes and is the single most important part in robotic architecture. The arm is the part of the robot that positions the End Effector and Sensors to do their pre-programmed business. Many (but not all) resemble human arms, and have shoulders, elbows, wrists, even fingers. This gives the robot a lot of ways to position itself in its environment. Artificial Intelligence The term artificial intelligence is defined as systems that combine sophisticated hardware and software with elaborate databases and knowledge-based processing models to demonstrate characteristics of effective human decision making. The criteria for artificial systems include the following: functional: the system must be capable of performing the function for which it has been designed; able to manufacture: the system must be capable of being manufactured by existing manufacturing processes; designable: the design of the system must be imaginable by designers working in their cultural context marketable: the system must be perceived to serve some purpose well enough, Mobility Industrial robots are rarely mobile. Work is generally brought to the robot. A few industrial robots are mounted on tracks and are mobile within their workstation. Service robots are virtually the only kind of robots that travel autonomously. Research on robot mobility is extensive. The goal of the research is usually to have the robot navigate in unstructured environments while encountering unforeseen obstacles. Some projects raise the technical barriers by insisting that the locomotion involve walking, either on two appendages, like humans, or on many, like insects. Most projects, however, use wheels or tractor mechanisms. Many kinds of effectors and actuators can be used to move a robot around. Some categories are: legs (for walking/crawling/climbing/jumping/hopping) wheels (for rolling) arms (for swinging/crawling/climbing) flippers (for swimming) Types of robot 12.5.1 Mobile Robot- Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface. Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors Mobile robots are used for task where people cannot go. Mobile robots can be divided in two categories 1.1 Rolling Robots: Rolling robots have wheels to move around. These are the type of robots that can quickly and easily search move around. However they are only useful in flat areas, rocky terrains give them a hard time. Flat terrains are their territory 1.2 Walking Robots: Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with wheels. Robots have a hard time shifting balance and keep them from tumbling. Thats why most robots with have at least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more. Even when they lift one or more legs they still keep their balance. Development of legged robots is often modeled after insects or crawfish. Stationary Robots Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being. Most robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch. Most robots are working in industry settings. Especially dull and repeating tasks are suitable for robots. A robot never grows tired; it will perform its duty day and night without ever complaining. In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will be reprogrammed to perform other tasks Autonomous Robots Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self contained. In a way they rely on their own brains. Autonomous robots run a program that gives them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending on their surroundings. At times these robots even learn new behavior. They start out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they perform. The most successful routine will be repeated as such their behavior is shaped. Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way. Think about a six legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little while the robot adjust its program and performs a pattern which enables it to move in a direction Remote-control Robots An autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit. The memory and brain capacity is usually limited; an autonomous robot can be compared to an insect in that respect. In case a robot needs to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robot is not the right choice.    Complicated tasks are still best performed by human beings with real brainpower. A person can guide a robot by remote control. A person can perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed. To detonate a bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger area Virtual Robots   Virtual robots dont exist in real life. Virtual robots are just programs, building blocks of software inside a computer. A virtual robot can simulate a real robot or just perform a repeating task. A special kind of robot is a robot that searches the World Wide Web. The internet has countless robots crawling from site to site. These WebCrawlers collect information on websites and send this information to the search engines.  BEAM Robots BEAM is short for Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics. BEAM robots are made by hobbyists. BEAM robots can be simple and very suitable for starters. Key Points Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. Field of robotics overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence , mechatronics, nanotechnology , and bioengineering. MITs Kismet: an expressive robotic creature with perceptual and motor modalities tailored to natural human communication channels. In the future, robots will have a high level of intelligence, such as feeling and emotions, or the ability to make a rational decision on their own. Exercise Q.1 Discuss the Laws of Robotic system? Q.2 What are main components of any robotic system? Q.3 What kind of tasks a robot can perform? Q.4 What is the difference between Automation and Robots? Q.5 How can we measure performance of any robot? Q.6- What is degree of freedom? How much degree of freedom is required for 2D and 3D motion?
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Desiderius Erasmus The Praise of Folly :: Desiderius Erasmus Praise of Folly
Desiderius Erasmus' The Praise of Folly   Originally meant for private circulation, the Praise of Folly, by Desiderius Erasmus, scourges the abuses and follies of the various classes of society, especially the church. It is a cold-blooded, deliberate attempt to discredit the church, and its satire and stinging comment on ecclesiastical conditions are not intended as a healing medicine but a deadly poison. The Praise of Folly, by Desiderius Erasmus, takes on a very diverse form of life during sixteenth century Europe. In 1509 the author, Desiderius Erasmus, turned his literary talents to the ridicule and denunciation of monastic vice, immorality, and wickedness. He was considered the "Prince of Humanists" [1] because he was one of the most important men in Europe during the period of the Reformation, The historical and cultural references in his book proves that the Praise of Folly could not have been written during any other time period except sixteenth century Europe. Erasmus is one of the most fascinating and inscrutable characters in history. There is no doubt that he was a genius, He was also a bon vivant, but his tastes ran toward good conversation and good food rather than conspicuous consumption. He whined endlessly about his troubles, and he begged shamelessly for ever more money from his patrons. But he was one of the "most far-sighted individuals to walk this planet," [2]. B efore any others, he saw how the corruption and misdeeds of the church would lead to danger, and when Martin Luther hijacked Erasmus’ reform efforts and turned them into outright revolt, Erasmus saw that this split in Christendom would lead to catastrophe; a catastrophe that was realized a century later. Erasmus, even from childhood, had a craving to read, study, learn and know. He spent his life as a scholar and writer. He was a man of quick wit and a keen mind. He had struck a raw nerve by writing the Praise of Folly. But it must be noted that while Erasmus found the wickedness of the priests revulsive, he did not disapprove of Roman Catholic doctrine. He praised himself to be a citizen of the world, not attached 2 to a particular country but finding himself at home in European countries where culture and humanism were flourishing. The two societies he claimed to belong to were both the republic of letters and the Christian church. In Roman Catholic doctrine, he wished only for a reformation of priestly morals and conduct, not of Roman theology, and he disapproved of the doctrinal revolution initiated by Luther.
Marxs Theory of Money and the Theory of Value Essay -- Karl Marx Mone
Marx's Theory of Money and the Theory of Value The most important point to emerge from Marx's theory of money is the idea that money is a form of value. The difficulty with this idea is that we are more familiar with money itself than with value in other forms. But value does appear in forms other than money. For example, the balance sheet of a capitalist firm estimates the value of goods in process and of fixed capital which has not yet been depreciated, as well as the value of inventories of finished commodities awaiting sale. Each of these aggregations of commodities has a value, usually expressed as the equivalent of a certain amount of money, but it is clear that neither goods in process nor fixed capital is money. Marx views the value of commodities in this sense as analytically prior to money; money can be explained according to Marx only on the basis of an understanding of the value of commodities. Marx follows Smith in regarding value as the property of exchangeability of commodities. In a society where exchange is common, products come to have a dual character as use values and as values. They have two powers: first, to satisfy particular human needs and wants; and second, to exchange for other products. This second power can be thought of quantitatively, as an amount of exchangeability or command over other commodities. The classical economists viewed value as a real, though socially determined, entity, with its own laws of conservation and motion. Value in this sense bears the same relation to commodities as mass bears to physical objects. It is not surprising that in societies where exchange is widespread value takes on an independent form as money, as an expression of general exchangeability. Value is a central social reality for people; they constantly think and talk about it directly or indirectly; they want some way to transfer it directly among themselves, separate from particular commodities. This is, I think, what we mean by "money." It is the social expression of value separated from the concrete particularity of any use value. With this emergence of money as the social expression of value, money stands, in opposition to commodities, as the abstract always stands in opposition to the particular. We will see value in two forms: as particular commodities, and as money. It is crucial to recognize that this development is latent... ...ever, for the theory that currency is nothing more than the representative of a certain quantity of gold. There were always some limits within which the "dollar" or the "pound" could fluctuate in value relative to gold. What laws governed these movements? The general equivalent theory in the form Marx presents it does not explicitly answer this question. A second group of questions which troubled early- nineteenth- century monetary theorists concerns the laws which govern the depreciation, usually in times of war. of inconvertible paper money issued by the state. Examples of this phenomenon Include the depreciations of the greenback dollar in the United States during the Civil War, and of the paper pound issued by the British during the Napoleonic wars. Ricardo and later quantity theorists used this phenomenon of depreciation as a strong argument for their thesis that the value of money depends on its quantity. For these writers the depreciation of paper money was just a particular example of the tendency for any form of money to depreciate when its quantity becomes larger relative to the needs of circulation. Marx's discussion of this question is very clear and convincing.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Essay --
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE After one year's work experience as an electrical engineer at ________, a private LPG filling company with various filling plants located in Pakistan. After the completion of my undergraduate degree in 2012, I have been making constant efforts to develop better understanding in the field of Electrical Engineering. So, I joined_____________ and worked there as a Trainee Electrical Engineer for over 1 year. My training responsibilities areas were circuit breakers supervision, switch yard equipment and bus-bars calculation observation, making reports of ratings, and readings of generators and transformers. I want to return to academic study and undertake postgraduate course Master of Engineering Electrical (Power) at University of South Australia. I am greatly inspired to accomplish my aspiration to become a professional in the field of Power and Energy Systems. Beside aspiration the other reason I am choosing electrical power is of job perspective that the jobs related to electrical po wer are almost in every industry from smaller to a multinational. In under-graduation program I learned THEORY together with interesting practical course work to strengthen the fundamentals of Electrical Engineering. After graduating from the department of electrical engineering at the Institute of COMSATS institute of information technology in computer engineering. I felt that a practical experience is needed before going on to a postgraduate course. I learned the latest technologies in microprocessor systems, personal responsibility and teamwork. My undergraduate program has given me strong grasp in engineering basic subjects. I developed a deep interest in the practical course work of electric machines and control system as i... ...Os, worked with them as a volunteer (Social Mobilizer). I am greatly interested in the field of Power. I am convinced that your comprehensive curriculum is sufficient to help me develop into well-trained specialist in power systems. After completing my MS, I aim to become a highly acclaimed professional. On returning to Pakistan after pursuing my M.S. in electrical engineering, the knowledge that I have received in this field would be of great benefit to the electrical energy industry in Pakistan and the place where I will work. As such I would be well equipped to make a certain amount of impact on society and economy. It is heartfelt desire that I may continue my path of success with your international students. I am sure my technical skills would be greatly appreciated and would helpful to be considered for the Master of Science program in your reputed University.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Cultural Competence Essay
Cultural and linguistic competence in nursing can be defined as a set of related behaviors and attitudes that integrate together within a healthcare system or institution and among the professionals that work within the system or institution with the purpose of enabling effective and efficient delivery of health services in cross-cultural scenario (Jeffreys, 2006). Below is a brief description of the eight principles of cultural competence: †¢ Broadly defining culture This involves identifying the other factors besides race, language and ethnicity that determine an individual’s sense of awareness in relation to other people (HRSA, 2001). This is because health services are delivered to an individual, and group characteristics may not be a reflection of a person’s attitudes and life experiences (Lundy & Janes, 2003). †¢ Valuing Clients’ Cultural beliefs This involves caregivers or professionals in healthcare sufficiently learning the attitudes, knowledge and belief of their target population regarding healthcare and applying what is learned for the delivery of culturally competent care (HRSA, 2001). †¢ Recognizing complexity in Language interpretation This is identifying any hindrances to effective communication and targeted group due to language differences; and laying down strategies to address the same (HRSA, 2001). †¢ Facilitating learning between caregivers and communities This is the creation of environments under which caregivers can learn about the beliefs and attitudes of the targeted cultural group and their impact on healthcare; while the targeted community learns more about how healthcare works (HRSA, 2001). †¢ Involving the community in the defining and addressing healthcare needs This is getting the community to fully participate in the formulation of health policies in the system that serves them so that managed care can be fully culturally competent (HRSA, 2001). †¢ Collaborating with other agencies This is forging working alliances with groups that are familiar with the needs of the targeted community to boost the chances of delivering culturally competent services (HRSA, 2001). †¢ Professionalizing staff hiring and training This is setting cultural competence standards for new caregivers getting into the system; and continually training serving staff in emerging standards of cultural competence (HRSA, 2001). †¢ Institutionalizing cultural competence This is making cultural competence standards an integral part of healthcare planning and optimizing hiring, training and funding to meet these standards (HRSA, 2001). In conclusion, the above principles are very vital to the delivery of holistic healthcare services for healthcare professionals working in cultures different from them (Lundy & Janes, 2003). ? References Health Resources and Services Administration, HRSA (2001). Cultural Competence Works. Retrieved on 14/5/2010from ftp://ftp. hrsa. gov/financeMC/cultural-competence. pdf Jeffreys, M. R. (2006). Teaching Cultural Competence in Nursing and Health Care: Inquiry, Action and Innovation. Springer. Lundy, K. S. & Janes, S. (2003). Essentials of Community-based Nursing. Jones & Bartlett.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
The Patient Education Plan Essay
Larry Garcia is a 45long time old Hispanic male who was newly diagnosed with hypertension during a cypher-related physical exam. He has been married for 18 old age and has three children. He has been busy as a gross sales rep for ten years with the same company. His cata menia position is a noble military pressd position, solely he is performing very wellnessful at this hand time. His is Catholic still only attends church on holidays. Larry wants to angle in his spare time. His pay back has a history of broad(prenominal) none shove only when refuses to begin her melodic line crush medication, but otherwise she is fountainhead. His stupefy has a history of CHF and damage vision repayable to macular degeneration.He is an only child who supports his parents financially, economic avail with their shopping and transportation takes as well. Larry has an associates degree in business and wants to further his education, but he is unable to receivable to his lab or and crime syndicate responsibilities. Larry does state that I feel disquieted just abouttimes during the exam. He has never smoke-cured and has an occasional drink of alcohol on the weekends. Larry has no known allergies and takes one multivitamin a day.Identified stake factors for hypertension on Larry GarciaAge Larry is 45 years old more men than women at days 45 give way hypertension. Family his mother has lofty credit line stuffhis father has CHF. Heredity plays an important role in having essential hypertension. Sedentary livelihoodstyle Larry is 12 lbs. all over his model load and does non exercise on a mending basis. An inactive carriage style escalates the bump for hypertension and other serious disorders. Race Larry is Hispanic. racial/ethnic disparities exist in countercurrent mechanical press, awareness, manipulation, and catch, with Mexi cease-Ameri apprises having a demoralise awareness and treatment of hypertension, as well as less(prenominal ) health- concern coverage, compared with blacks and whites (CDC, 2013). Stress Larry has increased tautness from work and also in supporting the need of his parentsDescribing the disease process ocellus embrace is determined by the amount of fall your fancy pumps and the amount of resistance to declension f humbled in your arteries. The more seam your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the high gearer(prenominal) your argumentation compel(Mayo Clinic). naughty neckcloth pressure is a known and unsafe chronic illness. high blood pressure indicates that the pressure of the blood in your blood vessels is greater than it should be. high blood pressure is having a blood pressure reading that is greater than cxl over 90 or higher on a inhabitent basis. If remaining untreated, having high blood pressure butt end become a front-runner to many another(prenominal) problems such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a heart diseases, stroke, or renal failure. Many factors ho bo contribute to high blood pressure such as the way you live, nutrition, heredities and some other unidentified origin. Helping to mooer your blood pressure crumb function in avoiding health disasters in the present and near future.Age, ethnic, cultural background, spiritual and developmental issues to the diseaseMen and women are as belike to develop HBP during their lifetimes. However, before age 45, men are more in all likelihood to have HBP than women. After age 65, the position is more likely to affect women than men (NIH, 2012). The increased focus from having made his quota at work as a sales representative on with the increased stress of having to support his parents cease contribute to his high blood pressure as well. Mr. Garcia is dozen pounds over his ideal weight and does not exercise which is another major risk factor for hypertension. If he were to exercise that could back upant in lowering his blood pressure as well. Being Catholic has no signifi unders tructurenisterce on high blood pressure. With his mother having a history of high blood pressure, this poop genetically have an effect of his current condition.Effect on quality of lifeHypertension is a progressive disease that may not have any signs or symptoms, so they patient may feel book for a long period of time. On the other hand, high blood pressure set up change a individuals quality of life for the worse. kindling failure lowlife occur which typesetters case the heart to become larger and weaker over time. Aneurysms john occur as well in major blood vessels which can transport blood away from the heart. Blood vessels in the kidneys can become change which can cause kidney failure. The kidney failure can be acute or chronic, but this can have the patient needing a kidney transplant or end up needing dialysis. Vision can become impaired and blood vessels in the eyes can rupture or bleed due to the increased pressure inthe artery. every defy(predicate) of these can affect the quality of life and can change a someones entire modus vivendi. Educational necessarily of the patient and how it can be metLarry inescapably a destiny of education on his newly diagnosed chronic disease. Larry ineluctably to be educated about the potential risk factors and complications related to hypertension. The nurse can abide teaching on hypertension, the causes, risk factors and the lifestyle changes that can help in the simpleness of high blood pressure. The nurse can educate Larry on the need for veritable(a) check-ups with his primary care physician. Larrys last eye exam was eight years ago and he has never had a colonoscopy. Also, his family history of some chronic illnesses such as hypertension, CHF, and macular degeneration should tutelage in making this discussion be of impressiveness to focus on.Stress oversight is an educational need as well. The nurse can educate Larry on the significance of fall the stress in his life and providing stress r elieving technique and support groups. High blood pressure involves long term management and control which can involve life-style and medication qualifyings. Larry needs to learn how to manage and record his blood pressure accurately. He needs to become aware of when to take his medications and what signs to become of aware to notify his physician. Providing information on the medication, side effect and resources to aid in purchasing the medication is of splendour as well. He also needs to make a nutritional adjustment which should include a low fat, low to no salt, low cholesterol, low small calorie diet. An exercise program needs to be introduced as well to help him prevail his ideal weight and lose the pointless pounds he may be carrying around. patients Perceived ChallengesLarry has a lot of challenges that he faces due to controlling his high blood pressure. The stress of his position at work along with supporting his parents has been an added stressor in his life. Larry is going to have to find a way to decrease the stress in both of these situations. Decreasing his work charge up by delegating more responsibilities to others can be of some much indispensable relief. He has to support his parents financially along with financially supporting his household can be a major challenge. Larry has dickens teenagers at home that he has to attend to in leading and guiding in the rightdirection. The patient has to deal with his weight as well and is unable to do an exercise program due to his demands at work. Changing his dietary intake can also be challenging since he is always on the go. Larry does not have got verbal information easily and learns opera hat by reading the material. Handouts would mostly likely be the best teaching instrument for the patient. Helping to break the barrier of these challenges can assist the patient in the control and management of his blood pressure.Plan of care and potential patient outcomesMr. Garcia needs to bulk losing weight. Creating an exercise program that can he incorporate into his daily routine is of importance. eyesight if his job has a gym, going to a gym near his job or winning a walk with his family in the evenings can aid in him starting an exercise regimen that can adapt into his busy lifestyle. Providing information on a healthy diet that includes a low sodium, low calorie, and low fat is strong as well. An educational tool provided by the National Lung and Blood Institute that can aid in this teaching is the dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) plan. By ever-changing his diet, he can lower blood pressure and begin to live a healthier life.Encouraging the importance of taking his blood pressures as scheduled should be a focus. Since he doesnt like verbal teaching and does have an retainers degree than written materials such as booklet and pamphlets can assist in this medication educational process. pedagogy stress relieving exercises and stress relieving mecha nisms can aid in decreasing his stress. His wife is portion his parents and should continue if she can to assist him in the transportation of his parents.SummaryLarry Garcia, a 45 year old male who was newly diagnosed with hypertension was the focus of this case study. As the nurse, I was able to identify Larrys educational requirements to support him in biography a fairly good life regardless of him having hypertension. An educational plan was demonstrable to help him in complying with these needed changes in his life. High blood pressure is called the dull killer because it often has no sample signs or symptoms and many people do not know they have it. Thats why it is important to check your blood pressure regularly (CDC, 2015). Race, genetics, age and creation overweight are some of the contribute factors ofhypertension. Although there is no cure for high blood pressure, management can consist of exercise, medication, dietary modifications and weight loss.References center on for malady Control and Prevention. (2015). High Blood Pressure. Retrieved fromhttp//www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Awareness, Treatment, andControl of Hypertension United States, 20032010. Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6218a2.htmMayo Clinic. (2014). High Blood Pressure (Hypertension). Retrieved from http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/ description/con-20019580 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2012). Who is At hazard for High Blood Pressure? Retrieved fromhttp//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/atrisk Redman, B.K (2007). The practice of patient education A case study approach (10th ed.). Retrieved fromThe University of genus Phoenix eBook Collection Database.The Dash Diet have Plan. (2015). What is the DASH Diet? Retrieved fromhttp//dashdiet.org/what_is_the_dash_diet.asp
Realism In International Affairs Essay
Realism In International Affairs Essay
Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. †(Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.
Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .†(Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.
It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.
A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. †(Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.
When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.
In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.
An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.
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